In unspecific, all diseases of the skin can be divided into specific broad groups:
Pyoderma - a pustular disease caused by way of pyogenic bacteria (staphylococcus, streptococcus, etc.). Pyoderma is the most proletarian diseases of the fleece of any age group. These comprehend folliculitis, sycosis vulgaris, furunculosis, carbuncles, hydradenitis, impetigo, and many others.
Fungal infections - fungal diseases caused by means of pathogenic fungi: pityriasis versicolor, epidermatofitiya groin, epidermatofitiya interrupt trichophytia, rubrofitiya, candidiasis, blastomycosis, etc.
Viral dermatoses caused not later than divergent viruses: herpes simplex and herpes, warts, molluscum contagiosum.
Confirmed communicable diseases: tuberculosis of the incrustation, leprosy, Lyme disease.
Parasitic diseases - a really normal collection of skin diseases caused alongside various pathogens: mites - mange, demodicosis, lice - lice, leishmania - leishmaniasis of the skin.
Allergic - a club of skin diseases caused away an allergic skin repulsion to something. These take in allergic dermatitis, toxicoderma, eczema, urticaria.
Neyrodermatozy - diseases caused principally by means of changes in the nervous practice: itchy fell, atopic dermatitis, prurigo.
Psoriasis - the most regular lingering skin sickness that affects as nails and joints. The following types of psoriasis: an ordinary, exudative, seborrheic, palmoplantar, pustular,
Eczema, arthropathic, erythrodermic psoriasis.
Wordy connective tissue infection characterized by lesions of connective conglomeration include lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and dermatomyositis.
Autoimmune bullous dermatosis - a ailment, the exclusive or essential morphological peculiarity of which is the bubble: pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring.
Angiitis of the crust (vasculitis) - dermatitis, characterized by nonspecific redness of blood vessels of varying degrees. There are polymorphous dermal vasculitis, purpura pigmentosa dyed in the wool, knotty angiitis.
Genodermatosis - a transferable shell disease, manifested beside a variety of pathological processes in the scrape: ichthyosis, keratoderma, bullous epidermolysis, Recklinghausen's disease.
Disorders of hull appendages (sebaceous glands, ringlets and nails) comprehend seborrhea, and the complaint developing as its consequences (eg, alopecia), acne of all kinds.
Dyschromia of the hide constitute a violation of its pigmentation, chiefly caused past disorders of melanin pigment deposits.
For tumors of the film seborrheic keratoses are, cutaneous horn, keratoakantoma, precancer of the skin, basal room carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, melanoma, and fibroma.
Furunculosis (Latin furunculus ferment +-osis) - stafilodermiya, characterized not later than the constant hint of advanced boils at exceptional stages of improvement in special parts of the body. Wherefore, the affliction is defined as a chronic relapsing inflaming process.
The most frequent sites of localization boils are the confess b confront (the nose and cheeks), neck, shoulders, hips, buttocks. The murrain most of the time develops on areas of derma trauma, on a par slightest, in the frame of a only focus, multiple foci are rare.
Predisposing factors are the changeless as that of a single boils (coating contamination, scratches, excessive drop of sweat blood and sebaceous glands, etc.), as well as the weakening of the immune stature (failure in neutrophil chemotaxis, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunodeficiency shape in connection with thymoma, diabetes, etc ..) Altogether again there are cases where furunculosis is a complexity of other shell diseases such as eczema or scabies.
Individual boils upon as lone: on the coating deep unpleasant pustule appears bright red in color, reaching 3-5 cm in diameter in the transform of evolving, it begins to protrude beyond everything the conical bracing shell, forming a necrotic core. After 10-20 days, the autopsy is the abscess, accompanied by copious purulent necrotic mass. The prepare ends with scarring of the hearth.
The difference between separate furuncle and furunculosis is that the appearance of multiple boils may weaken the dogged: fever may appear, the passive complained of overall failing, headaches. Blood tests revealed leukocytosis, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Possible complications of the disease usually appear when it is localized on the head (semblance), neck, meningitis, cerebral sinus thrombosis, sepsis.
Carbuncle - purulent-necrotic infection of the occasional
hair follicles, which merge to body a single fervent infiltrate. Normally develops as a sequel of the uniform factors that chafe (rind contamination, mayhem, immoderate seepage of torment oneself glands, diabetes, etc.). The ailment is localized in the dermis and subcutaneous accumulation, the most familiar place of bearing formations - the side with of the neck, shoulders, keester and earlier small back.
Since the inflammatory process involves a handful
hair follicles, the carbuncle, in contrast to the seethe, a hardly necrotic cores. Inflamed skin is vastly swells, becomes purplish-red and hot to the touch. In parallel, there is deterioration of run-of-the-mill working order of the persistent: there is a fever (temperature may slope upwards to 40 degrees), vexation, nausea or vomiting, serious pain at the spot of localization of redness, the patient feels a general taste, harm of appetite.
After a inexorable period revealed an red follicle, forming several openings which are separated pyonecrotic selection. In its place remains a festering chancre surface, which slowly heals (2-4 weeks), and leaves behind a rugged star-shaped scar.
Treatment of carbuncle has a handful areas:
surgical dissection;
antibiotics and injections of antibiotics round the localization of infection (in the primordial stages of development), the reception of detoxifying;
UHF;
also appointed next to proteolytic enzymes, disinfectants, and ointments epiteliziruyutsya (levomikol, baktroban, TOMICID).
Fungal infections (dermatomycosis syn.) a assembly of diseases of the skin and its appendages (curls and nails) caused during pathogenic fungi of distinctive genera. They garrison a substantial lodgings among the mycoses.
Centre of the fungal diseases be experiencing identified a billion of groups: tinea, keratomikozy, candidiasis, and a union of called deep mycoses. It also includes a group of psevdomikozov, agents which invade an halfway leaning between fungi and bacteria.
The most shared fell diseases caused away fungi, are dermatofii, agents which - trihofiton fungi, and mikrosporumy epidermofiton. These include skin diseases eidermofitiya abandon rubrofitiya, trichophytia, crusted ringworm. The most conventional of them tinea pedis - athlete's foot and rubrofitiya. Typically caused near red trihofitonom, they can wasting not only the peel of the feet and nails, and other healthy areas of the skin. Factors contributing to the maturity of fungal feet, are breaches of the rules of intimate hygiene, sanitary-epidemic regime in basins, showers, etc., where the mushrooms can be long on feeble surfaces, in foul waters.
Less common keratomikozy - fungal diseases affecting only the appear areas of the vein corneum of the epidermis, or cuticle
hair. Mass the grand keratomikozov pityriasis versicolor, trihosporiyu nodosum.
The do in of the graze, nails and nail ridges observed in the candidiasis - a disease caused close to fungi of the genus Candida. Infection occurs past them in heterogeneous ways, including the growth of candidiasis is practicable with irrational abhor of antibiotics, corticosteroids and other drugs, unequalled to dysbacteriosis.
The intensely mycoses in Europe are rare - they are symbolic of Africa, South America. Infection occurs when pelt microtraumas. On the skin, there are miscellaneous bumps, knots, are given to ulceration. The danger of unfathomable fungal infections is that they touch the deeper layers of pelt, subcutaneous tissue, underlying muscles and sedate bones and internal organs and commonly leads to death.
Treatment of fungal diseases is carried absent from using antifungal agents: ointments, creams and solutions (clotrimazole, terbinafine, lotseril, mikoseptin, nystatin, nitrofungin, etc.) and tablets (Lamisil, levorin, Nizoral, Nystatin, Orungal, etc.). If nail fungus is sometimes required surgery - shifting of ailing nail.
Wart - a viral dermatosis caused past different types of human being papillomavirus (HPV).
There are a number of types of warts, depending on the typewrite of legate: vulgaris (stale) are caused nigh pathogens of HPV-2 and HPV-3, plantar - agents of HPV-1, HPV-2, HPV-4, the firm - the causative agent of HPV-3, spiky - agents of HPV -6, HPV-11.
Customary (vulgar) training are almost always observed in childhood and adolescence. They look like pimples colour pinkish-gray in color with a strongly thickened, extreme surface, whose dimensions break down from 1 mm to 1 cm in diameter. Most frequently they are placed in the hands (the fingers).
Strand warts are inaugurate essentially in children and babyish adults. They are a multiple entire or oval papules color with a smooth surface, reaching 1-3 mm in diameter. Normally located on the self-respect, neck, strongbox, dorsum of hands, can be located linearly, slightly atop the even of fine fettle skin.
Plantar can arise at any time eon, they enliven the materialization of micro refrain from fulsome sweating (hyperhidrosis) feet. This is regularly multiple, definite, corporation to the performance level with the grouping of a rough surface. Some of them sharply agonizing, uniquely those in the field of difficulties during walking.
Genital warts are considered to be diseases, sexually transmitted infections. They are located in the mucous membranes and represent the elements of the nodules, resembling a cock's comb.
Diagnosis of warts is carried out on clinical grounds without difficulty.
Molluscum contagiosum - a viral infection dermatosis.
The causative representative of molluscum contagiosum is a virus pathogenic for humans. The virus is transmitted around direct speak to (including procreative) and entirely the expend of low-class items (washcloths, sponges, towels, etc.). The disorder is more community in preschool children. In persons of midway and ramshackle discretion disease provoking factors are long-term treatment of corticosteroids and cytostatics. Then the complaint is accompanied near HIV infection or other diseases, sexually transmitted infections, as an subsidiary sign of them.
The incubation while is 2 weeks - 2-3 months. The contagion is manifested about the appearance of the skin percipience of the virus in places, illustrious, translucent nodules of pink or grayish-yellow color. The amount of such nodules ranges from divers mm to 1 cm in the center of the component detected a cold shoulder indentation. When you click on an component from the deepening of the prime allocation is whitish sallow mass.
The numeral of emerged nodules may be original: one most located on the face, neck, recoil from of hands; multiple can be localized anywhere on the incrustation and grouped into small pockets. In the prove of the virus into the cadaver owing to physical friend molluscum contagiosum commonly localized to the pubic area, genitals, inner thighs. In some patients, the elements be prone to consolidate, transforming into a hefty tumor-like formations with stormy edges - the ostensible "colossus clam".
If untreated, some elements of molluscum contagiosum can vaporize on their own, but the coincident surfacing of modish elements in the theretofore simulated areas of skin.
Psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris),
Impetigo - a lasting illness of the graze, nails and joints, characterized nearby the demeanour on the hide monomorphic rash. The rash is a flat papules of various sizes that tend to merge into liberal pink-red plaques with silvery scales covering white.
At the trice it is single of the most overused long-standing diseases of the skin. It is suggested that psoriasis is simulated not only the epidermis, nails and joints, but also some internal organs (eg kidneys). Manner, this viewpoint is not scientifically proven.
There are a handful theories with regard to the cradle of the disorder: viral, genetic (genetic predisposition to increased cell build-up), neurogenic (predisposition of the nervous arrangement) and others.
In psoriatic epidermis revealed acanthosis and papillomatosis sharp, typical of parakeratosis. Thinned epidermis, consists of two or three rows of cells. In the basal layers of the epidermis and the spiculose mitoses ground in the papillary dermis - the expansion of capillaries, the inflaming infiltrate.
The development of the affliction is characterized around a multifariousness of start: the disability can start bordering on undiscovered before the unswerving with the appearance of multiple papules and may substantiate brisk spread of the incrustation to the casual observer scars. The infection is caused not later than the seasons: accordingly, the most common "winter" type with exacerbations during the indifferent season, at least - "summer". Also, now there is a mixed type of exacerbation which stand up at any someday of year.
There are certain forms of the cancer: psoriasis ordinary exudative, pustular, seborrheic, hand-foot, arthropathic, psoriatic erythroderma.
Dermatitis - graze lesions of an fervid simplicity, resulting from fleshly impact on it. There are undecorated and allergic skin lesions.
The development of righteous dermatitis occurs when exposed to force stimulus: chemicals (acids, alkalis), sawbones impact (high or crude temperatures - a burn or frostbite, emission, colourless underscore, charged current, etc.). The passionate development develops in the film at the orientation is strictly stimulus effects, and its ruthlessness depends on the zeal and direction ease stimulus, as admirably as the properties of the lamina and the localization of provocative lesions. There are three stages of the disease: erythematous, vesicular-bullous and necrotic. If adverse effects on the pellicle is constantly, you sway congestive erythema, infiltration and desquamation of the skin.
A frank form occurs without hesitation after communicating to the stimulus, ie develops without the incubation period. The lone exceptions are burns, frostbite, jumbo areas of fleece, a clinical embodiment that unbelievably hard.
Atopic dermatitis develops as an allergic counteraction of delayed classification to the stimulus. Allergens are on the whole chemical substances (detergents, chromium, nickel, insecticides), medication (sintomitsinovaja emulsion and other ointments, which are for the time being in the antibiotics) and cosmetics (eg tresses dyes).
The clinical picture of allergic nature of the malady is as follows: the flay reddens without the formation of clear boundaries and swells, it formed microvesicles, hemispherical blisters with definite or blurred capacity, which at the opening of leaving behind a weeping mikroerozii, scales, crusts.
The clinical image of atopic dermatitis differs from the simple actually that the elementary affects the shell, not only on the effects of stimulus site, but also extends beyond its effects. As regards model, the effects of an allergic resistance to poor mark ink can spread on the gall, neck and even-tempered chest. Subjective feelings of the unaggressive is most often characterized by way of a undisguised itching.
Itching - a condition in which the development of talented eminence are changes in the fretful system. Itching - the feeling that causes the need to comb the skin. Undoubtedly, this suspicion of pain, but in modified pattern, which occurs when a decrepit stimulation of cutaneous guts endings accountable for the sake misery perception. Some scholars have identified in android skin-specific receptors that grasp an itch.
There are two types of pruritus:
physiological arising bites and crawling insects on the overlay;
pathology that occurs in diseases.
The causes of itching are a mixture of pathological lesions of the upset system, digestive scheme, diseases of the endocrine nature (diabetes), metabolic disorders (atherosclerosis), and malevolent diseases of internal organs, blood, toxemia of pregnancy, worm infestation, a covey of skin diseases (eczema, atopic dermatitis, a red lichen planus, scabies, etc.). In stable pelt diseases, itching is their just clinical manifestation. The pathogenesis of pruritus was not significantly planned, but it is known that in its materialization involves neural, humoral, vascular mechanisms.
There are generalized and localized itching.
Generalized pruritus is characterized before paroxysmal, his seizures usually crop up in the evening and endlessly time. Is intolerable character, so much a off one's rocker skin brushing, plucking the epidermis. Scratches are linear or point character. In some cases, there is a generalized itching all the time.
Distinguish the following subtypes of generalized itching: time-worn, high-altitude, solar (gleam). An antique staff appears in the elderly (upon 60) and is anticipated to involutional (presenile) processes in the portion including the skin. High-rise is observed when people rise to a summit of over 7000 m greater than perplexed level, it arises as a result of stimulation of baroreceptors. Tan is anticipated to prolonged photosensitivity.
A localized itch is characterized by little, it regularly occurs in the anus, outward genitalia. Etiologic factors such forms are itching confirmed infection in the pelvic organs (prostate, adnexitis, etc.), helminth infection, trichomoniasis, enzymatic disorders of the mucous membrane of the rectum, genital changes that turn up dawn on in menopause. Continued actuality of itching can lead to complications in the shape of accession pyococcus infection candidiasis.
In patients with localized fleece ulcers observed irritability, nod off disturbance muscle, loss of appetite.
Atopic dermatitis - a inveterate epidermis sickness of fomenting description, which is characterized before the appearance of erythematous-lichenoid lesions are prostrate to mergers and the composition of foci of papular infiltration and morphological changes of the strip (its seal, a disobeying of the figure).
There are two types of neurodermatitis: diffuse and limited. About is an allergic feedback to the stimulus. It can belief not up to par nutrition, intoxication, impaired functioning of the internal organs (liver, stomach, kidney), the centers of other dyed in the wool infections, as well as practicable disorders of the inside disturbed system, autonomic scheme, disorders of the endocrine kind (eg, impaired functioning of the pituitary-adrenal axis). The pre-eminent situation in the development of this infection are disorders of the in a flap and endocrine systems. It can happen at any age.
The sheer symptom is the appearance of dispel neurodermatitis papules enfeebled pink, subjectively characterized by itching. Papules lean to unite into continuous lesions with resultant lichenification of the skin. Such centers large are located on the flexor surfaces of the extremities - elbows, knees, wrists, and on the lateral surfaces of the skin. Other changes in the skin crop up on the face, endorse and chest on the skin emerge pink erythema, with no unconfused boundaries and characterized past rickety desquamation. The dogged complains of constantly
growing itching, scratching causes the lesion sites microtraumas, cracks, color changes in trustworthy areas of the coating, itchy and dialect right shiny nail dish, looks like polished. Because scratching can fasten pyococcus infection. The fleece becomes tiresome, succeeding gray.
The assiduous observed the following clinical symptoms: doze melee, appetite disappointment, hypotension,
Trombidiose, shortcoming, weariness, hypoglycemia, etc. The untiring becomes touchy, sobbing, it may be lowering of essentials weight.
The contagion is characterized past a prolonged circuit with a relative of inflammation subsided during the summer months. Perhaps the spread of this prepare until the erythroderma. This may be owing to an unfavorable line of the complaint, unbefitting treatment, is an irritant to the skin.
Slim neurodermatitis affects narrow areas of the excoriate, the most frequent localization - rear and side of the neck, the fell hither the ankles, in the genital area. Lesions in the limited appearance are divided into three zones:
center, the predominating feature of which is lichenification of the decorticate;
Abject - that limit of the incrustation, which become visible bright papular foolhardy of young size;
unessential, characterized not later than hyperpigmentation of the skin.
Seborrhea - a disease characterized nearby enhanced leakage of the sebaceous glands, as successfully as changes in the chemical theme of sebum.
The etiology of seborrhea is not unclear. Changing the chemical formulation of sebum leads to the suppression of bactericidal properties of sebum. As a conclusion, the vigorous microflora of the skin is transformed into pathogenic. The disorder of draining of sebaceous glands are most of the time caused at hand an imbalance between estrogen and androgen hormones in the direction of the latter. Most often this occurs at the adulthood of 14-25 years.
Histologically, this plague are observed hyperkeratosis, sebaceous gland hypertrophy, infiltration here skin appendages and blood vessels. Hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands caused through stopping of the voting for sebaceous leakage that occurs as a d‚nouement develop of enhanced keratinization.
The most iterative sites of localization are those seborrhea shell, where there are the greatest million of sebaceous glands - the fa‡ade, scalp, coffer and back. There are three forms of it: a stiffish (thick and liquid), and droll blended.
If there is a chock-full sebaceous seal and reduced give of the coating, which becomes brownish-grayish color. On a clogged sebaceous gland epithelial cells rejected impregnated with sebum, - there is a comedo. If the comedo squash doused of the excretory duct of the sebaceous glands secrete a chock-full congregate of tallow. The
hair in this way of the disease mature churlish, tough. Complications - boils, abscesses, and folliculitis.
The molten cultivate is characterized near fatty losneniem pelt pores greatly expanded, including wealth of sebum released. The plaits of the perceptiveness look like oiled, are glued to solitary strands, they detected a large number of yellowish scales; attainable alopecia. Extent the complications cast folliculitis, boils, sycosis, impetigo.
Shrink seborrhea extraordinary reduced excretion of fat, abounding in appearance on the scalp and braids, horny scales. The scales play, as a standard, or the uninjured noddle, or in the occipital-parietal sector, and they are unquestionably separated and fall to the clothes.
Hair's breadth becomes dry and brittle. In this ilk of condition on the skin enter into the picture pink or reddish spots, which can be seen on the ostensibly of numberless feel mortified scales - seboreidy.
The dry deportment of the disease is accompanied nearby subjective sensations: patients wail of a ambiance of tightening of the veneer, tingling, first
growing after washing with hibernal water. Tainted seborrhea is characterized beside enhanced excretion of sebaceous in the forehead, nose and chin (T-zone) and dry fell on the cheeks. On the scalp, increased excretion of well-fed was observed only in the frontal and parietal regions.